The latter sometimes require maintenance operations, are sometimes abandoned or, by contrast, new structures using new techniques are implemented such as open check dams. Our mountain societies have inherited thousands of protective structures. These are the most visible and emblematic works in the field of torrential control and are the subject of this article. Generations of engineers working at that time had the means to correct more than a thousand torrents using techniques combining forestry engineering, bio-engineering for small structures (bundles of branches called fascines & vegetated benches) and civil engineering for dikes, tunnels, sills and check dams. The period between 1882 and the beginning of the First World War was the “golden age of the RTM”. New projects would therefore be based more on civil engineering and less on extensive reforestation operations. This means mainly torrent beds, gully systems, avalanche corridors and landslides. The new republican assembly, listening to the rural populations, reduced the ambitions of reforestation: the work effort would be concentrated where “ restoration work be made necessary by soil degradation, and the dangers born and present“. This was a first before similar decisions were taken by Switzerland in 1876, Italy in 1877, Austria in 1884 and Japan in 1897.Īfter the fall of the Second Empire in 1870, the Law on the Restoration and Conservation of Mountain Lands (RTM) was proclaimed in 1882. This ambitious reforestation program was set out in the 18 laws. ![]() ![]()
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